What is the therapeutic range for INR in patients on warfarin?

The therapeutic INR range for most patients on warfarin is 2.0 to 3.0, including those with atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Patients with mechanical heart valves typically require a higher range of 2.5 to 3.5. An INR below the target indicates insufficient anticoagulation with increased clotting risk. An INR above the target indicates excessive anticoagulation with increased bleeding risk. Signs of over-anticoagulation include bruising, blood in urine or stool, prolonged bleeding from cuts, nosebleeds, and gum bleeding.