What dietary restrictions apply to patients with chronic kidney disease?

Patients with chronic kidney disease must limit sodium to reduce fluid retention and blood pressure, restrict potassium because damaged kidneys cannot excrete it, limit phosphorus because accumulation leaches calcium from bones, and moderate protein intake to reduce urea nitrogen waste while maintaining nutrition. Fluid restrictions apply based on urine output. High-potassium foods to avoid include bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, and avocados. High-phosphorus foods include dairy products, cola, chocolate, and processed meats. Renal dietitians help individualize meal plans.